Indima Yoksijini Kuma-Powders Esebenzayo Ngamanga Kwimikwebo Yokugawula Engaphakathi Kwe-Diamond

Ama-Powders Angaphansi Kwamanga Ngamanga Kwi-Diamond Cutting Tools

Amaphutha esilini agcwele yayizama umfanekiso wokuthenga kwamatrikisi akawula kwa-diamond ngoba ahlungile kakhulu, azungeze kube yiqiniso emsakathini ophezulu, kanye nesebenzisa kahle nezinkunkuma ze-diamond. Uma lezikhumba zihlawulwa, zidala izimvo zemetali eziphatha izinkinga ze-diamond ngokudala uma kube sekilela izigaba eziningi. Inkema ivela uma kukhona oksijeni kancane kakhulu endaweni yesiphiwo. Uma umbalo we-oksijeni uphinde phezu kwe-0.2%, ngokwesicelo sika-PIRA International ngo-2023, izinkinga azisusani kakade ekupheleni kwesiproso se-sintering. Lokhu kubangela izindawo ezigcwele phakathi kwezinto kanye nobude busha bezigaba. Ngakho ke manje ababhili bonke basebenzisa izindlela ze-vacuum sintering kunye nendlela eyahlukene yokulawula i-oksijeni. Lezi ndlela zikusiza ekukhuliseni izimo ezingavunyelwa ngokuthi okshenjwe kwaye kancane kube yimali engeyiyo esilini.

Ukwenza KweNtonga YeOksayidi Nokuthatha Kwayo KwiZibopho Zezinkinga

Xa umpowda we iron wenza ngaphandle kwesivumo, izigaba ezimbiwe emva kwezinhloso ephakeme kakhulu kanti 3 ukuya ku-7 nanometers zihlala zidala kuzinho lwayo ngesikhathi sezenzela futhi njengasikhathi sesintering. Lezi ziyo zisebenza njengezimpawu ezivikela izinto ukuthi zibonde kahle, okukhokha amandla phakathi kwezinto ngama-15 ukuya ku-20 ipheresenti kuphela kunalokho kuseti kungekho oksijini. Umdongo ubonisa ukuthi uma uhlinza oksijini phansi kwezingu-300 parts per million ngexesha lokugcina izinto, kuthola imiphumela engcono. Isilinganiso sangaphakathi singaphezulu kakhulu kuma-1.8 grams per cubic centimeter, futhi amandla okugayaya akhulisa kabusha ama-28 megapascals ngokwemizamano yakamuva. Ukususa lezi ziyo zezinhloso ngaphandle kokuguquleka komfanekiso wazo, izindlela zokuhlenga kwe-hydrogen zibonakala zisemthile. Lendlela ihlinza ukwahlukaniswa kwe-diamond kuzinto zonke futhi isiza ekwakheni iqembu eliqinile eliqinile kuzinto zonke ze-produkti ekugcineni.

Ukungcola Kwezindlela Ngesikhathi Sikaqondisa NeGcineka Kwezimpako

Umphisi ubanzi kakhulu inkinga yocolo le-oksidi. Izimpako ze iron ecele ngaphandle kwezimo ezinamandla wamazibiza okwengeziwe nge-50% zivalela izigaba ze-oksidi eziningi ngokuphindwe kabili kunazo ezicinwa ngendawo epheleleyo yesilikonikasiya ngemva kwesikhathi esincane sezinhlalo ezintathu. Umthombo uqala ukusebenzisa izisopho zokugcina ezifaka izixhobo zokuthatha i-oksijini evela ku-iron ngaphakathi kwezinkumbulo ezivumela umoya ukudluliswa kodwa kancane kakhulu amandla we-oksijini ngenxa ye-0.1%. Le mithombo isusa ukuba kukhona inkohlakala yezimpako ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kokucopheleka kwegcinezelo. Uma izinkampani zilandela izimiso ezichanekileyo zokusebenzisa, zibona uphula okungekho kube khona izimpako eceliwe nge-37% ngokulingana nobubi be-oksidi. Lokhu kwenza usizo olukhulu ekususweni kwezimali futhi kulandela ukuthi imipumu iphumeke kangcono xa ikhishwa izinto ezizenzakalo njengekonkrethi noma izinye indawo eziphakeme.

Isimo Sokusinda Nokungabi Kwe-Oksijini Ekuhlukaneni Kwempiko Ephindwe Kabili

Ukuxhathisa kwezinkunkuma ezigcwele ngapha kwezimo ezahlukene zokshinji

Inani lokshinji elikhona lilapha indima enkulu ngokuthi izibhamu zokugaya zediamond zixhathisa kanjani. Umdinga ku-Metallurgical Transactions ngo-2023 ubonisa ukuthi lapho kunezinkinga ezingu-500 ngaphakathi kwezinkinga ezingu-1000 okhishwa, lezixhobo zokshinji zibambe izinkunkuma zezincwadi ezingaphansi kwezincwadi. Lezixhobo zibambe izindawo zokuthintana ngokwanele phakathi kwezinkunkuma ngama-20-35%, okusabalalisa izikhathi ngemva yendlela yokuxhathisa kwezinto. Abayenzayo abadlala nezinkinga eziningi kahle kumele bakhuthaze izikhathi zabo ezingaphakathi kwe-1120°C ngama-8-12% ukuze bafakwe kahle izikhala phakathi kwezinkunkuma. Lokhu kusho ukuthinta kwezimali futhi izikhathi ezide kakhulu zokwakha ukusukela kubuchwepheshe obunye lapho ukshinji kugcina phansi kwe-200 ppm. Ukukhanya kungaba kancane ngokubhala kodwa kugcina kakhulu kakhulu emva kwezinqamle ezide.

Ukungabi kwezindlela nokuthenga kwalo kwezixhobo zokshinji

Xa izinhloxwa zemetali zilungiswa kuseto lwesivumelwano, zihlisa izigashe eza kudala izinkomba ezincane ngaphansi kwesimo. Lezi ziphazimandla zingakhipha okukodwa ukukhula kwezinkinga zokugcinwa kwezinto ezigcinwe ngokuphindaphindiwa kwezikhathi ezimbili noma ezishiyagalombili, ikakhulukazi emaphakashini ambalwa apho ubuchule bukhona kakhulu. Sisabona izimo apho iziphazimandla ezinkulu kune-10 micrometers emathilweni esiphambanayo yezinhloxa zibangela ukuthula kwezinhlela ngokushesha, kuyekela ubuchule bezizindalo ngemithwalo enguqu-4 yezinhlela ezigcinwa ngcobalt. Ukuze sivikale le nto, abayimfazela bahlala bathatha indlela yokulawula izikali zezinto (bahlala bazike D90 ngaphansi kuka-45 micrometers) baye bafuna ukuthi amanzi asemoyeni akhululeke phansi kuka-0.1% ngexesha lokugcinwa. Le ndlela ibangela ukuthi kungabi khona konke okungafuneki kakhulu kweziphazimandla futhi kufanele kufinyelele isilinganiso esiphelele esingu-98.5%, lokhu kuyenzela wonke umehluko uma kufika ekusebenzisweni kwazo kwiindlela ezifana nezomlando.

Indima yesifazwana nesilwane esiphathelene kumechanism yokudibhishena

Xa kusheleka kufika emanzini ngemva kokuthathwa kwayo yiminyaka, kuletha imithombo ye-hydroxyl eyekwa ethatha isimo se-oksijini exhatshayo uma ubude be-800. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi okujwayelekile kuvele kube khona. Ukusebenzisa izizinda ezinezikhumba eziphakeme zihlanzelela ukungcola kwamanzi amanzi ngokukodwa kunazo ezigugu ezigugu. Izivivinyo zibonisa ukuthi le ndlela zingasebenzisa ukuhlala kwe-oksijini ekugcineni inani elibalulekileyo likakhulu nje ngaphezu kuka-0.08%. Kodwa-ke kukhona futhi into engalunganga. Uma sasusa okuningi kwe-oksijini, ngamanye amaxesha siyakhipha ikhabhoni kule mpandla ebalulekileyo yokuhlangana kwe-diamond eyenzela ukuthula kwebumba phakathi kwezinto. Ngalesi sikhathi abazalisi ababe ngama-engineers baya kubona indlela yokuphindaphindwa yokuphindaphindwa ngaphakade ngenani elingu-4% likhabhoni esiphindaphindwayo kumkhumbi we-nitrogen. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthola umbono obalulekile phakathi kokuqeda i-oksijini engafuneki futhi ekugcineni ikhabhoni ekhethekileyo ukuze ihlinze umthombo wobumba besendlalelo ngokulandelana kwesikhathi.

Ukuthatha kwe-Oxygen kumthwalo wamathuba akwenzekayo kwezintando zomshini wesithishiwe sibhala lesithishi

Ubushushu, Amandla, nokukhulwa kwesimilo sezingxenye ezikhanyisiwe zamathambo

Ukunzima kakhulu kwe-oksijini endaweni kuyaphazamisa indlela abasebenzi ngayo amathuba akwakhiwa. Ngokomzekelo, uma kune-oksijini engaphezu kwe-0.8% yesilinganiso, ubuchwepheshe bususa kabusha phakathi kwe-12 kuya ku-15%. Kungani? Ngoba le zikhumba ezingavamile ziphazamisa umbuthano wemithi yemetal yisisekelo. Izinto ziyaphosa ngaphezu kuka-1.2%. Umphakathi othwaliwe uyaba nguqu, ukuhlatshelwa ngaphansi kuka-7.2 grams ngasentha yekhube. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umphakathi ungasivikela kuphela ngama-72% amaforse athile ngokulinganayo kuye kumahluko ongena nje kwe-oksijini angaphansi kwelesibili. Kunagqala ukubona futhi isimo sokulahla. Amaphakathi anezimali ezinokuphazamiswa ayabonisa ububi bazo khona kakhulu emaceleni. Ayahlatshelwa ngokushesha kangaka ngama-40% xa ekhuphukela i-granite, okunjalo kususa isikhathi abaladhla kudingeka bathathe kabusha.

Izincludi ze-Oxide kanye ne-Hlanga Yokuqala Emasenvisteni Okukhuphuka Ngaphandle Kwesimiso

Xa izinhlayiya zokushiwo ziyakhula kune-5 micrometers, zizoba izindawo ezimbi kumaterials, zenzela njengamagnets amancane abophezela ubuchwepheshe okungaba yisidingo sokuthulwa uma kusekelwe imisebenzi. Ukubuka umfaniso wosazana kubonisa into ethandwayo futhi: izindawo ezinezinkimbinkimbi ezinezinkimbinkimbi zombhobho zenza izikhathi lapho kuthulwa ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi lezo makhulu we-alumina esithiwa ngalo Fe3AlOy. Kwi-blades ezigcwele ngqo, loo ndawo yokungahambeki iyahlukanisa inani lamashwa ayobala ngaphansi kwezinkinga ezihlukene ngezilinganiso ezingu-250 MPa ngokuphakade. Okunempilo kukhona indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi Hot Isostatic Pressing noma HIP ngokudondoloze. Lomthwalo ususa konke okusha okungcono kwe-pores okuthile, kangangokuthi kususwa kude kakhulu kwezingu-90%, lokhu kusho ukuthi i-blades ingasebenza kude ngaphandle kokuthulwa kulezo msebenzi yokugcina engaphezu komsebenzi.

Ngokugcina ubungakanani bwe-oksijini ngezansi kwe-0.3% ngokukhupha uhlayezo, abasebenzi bakhiwa indawo eqinile phakathi kwezintandokazi zamatrikisi nekugcina izindlalifa—okubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni inzu yokugayaza emateriale ethintekile.

Ukuphatha Kwezinsiza Ezihlanzekileyo Ekwenzeni Iblade Yosawula Ezenziwa Ngizindlalifa

Ukukhupha KwesiHlayezo Nama-Athmosphere Asetshenziswa Ukulungisa Izinqamlezo Ekuphathiseni Izinqamlezo

Umsebenzi wokulawula i-oksijini uqala ngendlela esekela ngayo ipowda. Uma sisebenzisa izindlela zokuhlenga ngihydrogen, kancane ikhipha amaphansi aphezulu ka-oksidi kumaphakathi aphothezayo kwe-iron. Uma kusekelwa lezinto ezikhundleni eziphephile kwi-hydrogen phakathi kwesigidi sika-600 Celsius futhi kungenzeka ka-900 Celsius kungahlukanisa ukuningi kwe-oksijini kangange-98 iphesenti. Lokhu kwenza kuthole amafazi avimi kakhulu kumaphakathi akhomba izixhumanisi ezinzima kakhulu uma isiphandana sikwamukelwa ngendlela yemitholwane. Ngokuphelele kwezinye zezinsuku zokugcina nokusinda, ukuzikhipha ngamagasi ayisiphazamiso akuvikela ukuthi kuphinde kube khona ukuxidiliswa okungafuneki. Lokhu kukhondla ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze izindlovu zilinde emacaleni ekugcineni lapho kudingeka zisebenze ngokushesha.

Izindlela Ezinezimali Zokusinda: Ukugcina Okulahlekileyo Ne-Spark Plasma Sintering

Izindlela zokuphindaphindwa ngokushesha zisusa izinkinga ezakhiwe yi-oksijini ngenkathi kusebenziswa umenzi. Indlela ephathekileyo yikuthi kusetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa okusheshayo, okubhekene nokufaka amathemupekhujha phakathi kwesikhombisa 800 ne-1200 digri eselusiye nakho kunokwenzeka ukugcinwa kwezinkinga ezingu-50 kuze kube ngu-100 megapascals. Lokhu kumelela amakhemikhali ukufinyelela ekukhuleni okuphephile ngaphambi kokuba kuchazwe i-oksidi emanzini awo. Indlela engeyiyo eyaziwayo njenge-sintering ye-spark plasma isebenza ngendlela eyodwa. Isebenzisa izivivane ezimfutshane zezinhloso zokuhlaza okuzondla ukuxhumana kwe-athomi kuquka amakhemikhali. Ngaleso sikhathi, incazelo yonke yesintering iyatha imizuzwana embalwa kuphela endala amahora noma amano. Okuthinta kakhulu kukuthi SPS ikhumbula ukugcinwa kwe-oksijini, okuvamile kuyakhumbula ngaphansi kwelesikhombisa libili nje iphesenti yokunika umbinga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abayidlola baphumana namakhemikhali afakiwe kangaka abanalo amaphutha ethoshwano angaphansi kunazo ezinyangeni ezithintekileyo.

Ukulungiselela Ukulawula Koksiyijini Nokwenza Okuhle Kakhulu Ngokwezimali

Izinhlelo zokusinda kungaphansi kwesithunzi ziyafika kwezimali zoksiyijini nge-200 ppm ngokwembono ye-2023 ye-Metal Powder Industries Federation, kodwa lokhu kuthola imali. Iindleko zokusebenza zakhala ngaphezu kuka-35 kuya kuma-40 iphesenti kunalokho okutholakala ngendlela ephathelene. Izinkampani ezingaqondani ukuthola imali zafumana indlela yokuthwala le nkinga. Kunezinye ezingena ukudlulisela inyudrojini ngenitrojini kulinganiso kungakhathalwa inyudrojini yonke, ezinye zifaka izikhiwo eziluhlaza zokulinganisa koksiyijini ngokwesikhathi ngaphakathi kwamafuransi, kanti amakhulu ayaphutha izipowuda zazo ezahlukene ngamathuluzi amcimbiqayo ngaphambi kokugcina kuzigcina. Konke lokhu kusiza ekugcineni oksiyidi phansi kwe-0.8% apho izinto ziqala ukuthwala ngokulandelana kwesikhathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinto zisebenza kahle ngelokho kugcina iindleko zokwakha kuhlukene kakhulu kuzo zonke izinkampani.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yini indawo ephathelene yoksiyijini kwezimali zepowuda ezisekelwe kwezithuthi?

Ukugcina umkhawulo we-oksijini ngezansi kwe-0.3% kuyiyo indlela ehlukile yokufinyelela ekilengilengi phakathi kwe-toughness yomxholo nokugcina i-diamond, okubalulekile ukuphila okuphelele kwe-cutting.

Kani imvuselelo ivame ukuthinta ukulahlekwa kwe-oksijini emanzini ye-powders ye-iron?

Imvuselelo inyusa kakhulu inkomba ye-oxide, ikhula ngokuphindaphindwe kabili xa igcinwa emanzini amuhle kunalapho egcinwa kwi-nitrogen engapheli.

Iziphatshwayo ziphi ezisiza ekuthulaseni umkhawulo we-oksijini ngexesha lokusebenza i-powders ezibasetshenziswa ku-iron?

Iziphatshwayo ze-hydrogen zihlasela ngempumelelo i-oxides zehade kumanzini, zithula kakhulu umkhawulo we-oksijini futhi zenze izinhlangothi ezicacile ngaphezu kwesidingo sokuxhumana ngexesha liku-sintering.

Kungani abayimakele bayethemba ezinqumeni zokwanda kokwanda?

Lezi zinqumelo zisiza ekulungiseni ukususwa kwe-oksijini engafuneki ngelisho kuzohlukaniswa ne-carbon eziphakathi kwe-diamond, zibambele isimo sobuchwepheshe bezindlebe zokugotya.

Iziproblemi ziphi abayimakele babalwa nabo ukugcina izindleko zokwakha ziyahlukene?

Isinkinga sihlala kumelela kakhulu emlenzeni izilingo zokhosi ngaphandle kokwandisa izindleko kakhulu, okungakulungiswa ngokudluliswa kwegesi, izikhungo zokwenzela okhosi ngemini yamanje, nezandla zokuphelela.